Trump's ludicrously sloppy legal rationale for occupying LAIt's blatantly illegal. But he's not about to let laws get in his way.
🪖 Public Notice is possible thanks to paid subscribers. If you appreciate our fiercely independent coverage of American politics, please support us by clicking the button and signing up for a paid subscription. 👇 Donald Trump’s constant willingness to ignore the Constitution and core principles of American democracy means we are forever playing catch-up, stumbling behind while explaining why he absolutely cannot legally do the thing he is doing. Digging into questions like “can Trump federalize the California National Guard because heavily-armed Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers picked a fight with a few hundred random Californians outside of Home Depot and lost?” is not a thing we should have to do, because the answer is no. The issue is that Trump just does these things anyway and justifies them with incoherent explanations that read as if an especially vicious badger memorized fragments of the Constitution and the US Code. So, as we barrel toward a military occupation of California — and, really, anywhere else Trump wants — it’s time to figure out what on earth is going on, with two enormous caveats. First, there are legal scholars who have spent their entire careers studying the deployment of the military on United States soil who are still trying to sort out what is happening. That’s not because they lack expertise, but because the situation is so rare and the administration’s justifications are so sloppy. Second, things are evolving so quickly that explanations quickly become outdated, so one has to try to anticipate the administration’s next wildly illegal move. Crush state control of the National GuardGenerally, the Posse Comitatus Act prohibits the use of federal troops for civilian law enforcement. State National Guards generally can’t run afoul of the Posse Comitatus Act because they are organized at the state level and report to a governor. That said, there are exceptions where, speaking only hypothetically, it would be completely legal for Trump to send National Guard members and even active duty troops to California. Identifying those possible situations is necessary to understand the relevant laws, but there’s no question that none of those situations currently exist in California or anywhere else. The initial federalization of the California National Guard already happened on June 7 with Trump’s memo invoking 10 U.S.C. 12406. That allows state National Guards to be used in federal service for very limited reasons, but requires orders to be issued via the governor, a thing that definitely did not happen here. In fact, when Department of Homeland Services flack Tricia McLaughlin was asked yesterday if the federalization orders were issued through California Gov. Gavin Newsom as required, McLaughlin’s answer was “they are issued by the president of the United States.” CNN: Section 12406 says 'orders for these purposes shall be issued through the governors of the states.' Were these orders issued through Gov. Gavin Newsom? DHS OFFICIAL TRICIA McLAUGHLIN: They are issued by the president of the United States Tue, 10 Jun 2025 13:24:25 GMT View on BlueskyThese comments are a blatant refusal to acknowledge the plain text of section 12406 even as the administration purports to rely on it to justify its actions. Trump could also invoke the Insurrection Act, which would allow him, in certain circumstances, to deploy a state National Guard even over the objection of the governor. Active-duty troops can only be sent in if the Insurrection Act is invoked, though it appears the Trump administration is just bypassing that step and sending in 700 Marines anyway. Even if the administration hadn’t skipped getting Newsom’s agreement to federalize state National Guard members, the limits in section 12406 still apply. That section can only be used when (1) there is an invasion or danger of invasion by a foreign nation; (2) there is a rebellion or danger of rebellion against the government; or (3) the president cannot execute federal laws with the regular forces available. (Section 12406 has only been used once, in 1970, when President Nixon invoked it to have the National Guard help deliver mail during a postal worker strike.) California’s lawsuit against the administration notes that even Trump’s own memo doesn’t assert California is being invaded. It mentions rebellion, but defines it as: “To the extent that protests or acts of violence directly inhibit the execution of the laws, they constitute a form of rebellion against the authority of the Government of the United States.” Under that broad definition, any defiance of a federal law, no matter how fleeting, could be a “rebellion,” even though, as the California complaint points out, that word typically means an organized attempt to use violence to overthrow the government. The Los Angeles protests have been largely peaceful, with only sporadic vandalism, some committed by people unaffiliated with the demonstrations. There is no threat to overturn the government, organized or otherwise. The administration’s definition is slipshod and ungrounded in law, but that doesn’t mean they didn’t think it through. It’s becoming increasingly clear that Trump believes that any pushback against his administration’s policies is criminal and must be suppressed. Trump says the National Guard will remain deployed in California “until there’s no danger” (so it’s open ended) Tue, 10 Jun 2025 16:40:30 GMT View on BlueskyAre the protests preventing the president from executing federal laws with the forces available? Well, not according to California, which would know. On Saturday, at the same time the administration was insisting everything was so out of control that deploying the Guard was necessary, the LAPD was saying that the protests were peaceful and the day’s events had unfolded without incident. California’s lawsuit notes that ICE has continued to act on warrants and make arrests, so nothing about the protests has prevented the execution of those laws. Even if one of the permissible situations existed and even if Newsom had signed off, under section 12406, federalized National Guard members can’t perform law enforcement duties. They can protect federal forces and property and assist ICE personnel with logistical support, but they can’t arrest people or go on immigration raids. To do that, Trump would need to invoke the Insurrection Act. A note from Aaron: Working with brilliant contributors like Lisa takes resources. If you aren’t already a paid subscriber, please sign up to support our work. Before we move on to that, though, an important note about Trump’s section 12406 memo. It’s not limited to the California protests. Indeed, California isn’t mentioned in the memo at all. Instead, Trump is trying to use section 12406 as a catch-all for any protest anywhere at any time, saying he can federalize state National Guard “at locations where protests against these functions are occurring or are likely to occur based on current threat assessments and planned operations.” That reads a lot like Trump believing he can deploy a state National Guard in any state even before any unrest occurs and before ICE is even operating in the state, which is definitely not how this works. If it did, state control over the National Guard would be functionally meaningless. A vicious circleIt’s honestly a bit curious that Trump hasn’t just invoked the Insurrection Act. He wanted to during the unrest following the murder of George Floyd. This time around, he’s already calling Los Angeles protesters “paid insurrectionists” and “violent, insurrectionist mobs.” Trump, who recently paid Ashli Babbitt's family $5 million and has floated the idea of reparations for January 6 rioters, calls protesters in Los Angeles "paid insurrectionists." Tue, 10 Jun 2025 16:37:42 GMT View on BlueskyThe president can invoke the Insurrection Act at the request of a state governor, which is what happened in 1992. During the Los Angeles riots following the acquittal of the police officers who severely beat Rodney King, President George H.W. Bush ordered the deployment of National Guard troops after Gov. Pete Wilson and Mayor Tom Bradley asked. If a state doesn’t request it, the president can invoke the Act if unlawful obstructions, assemblies, or rebellion against the government make it “impracticable” to enforce federal laws “by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings.” That’s distressingly vague, as is the third situation, which is that it can be invoked to put down any insurrection or violence if it (1) hinders the execution of state or federal laws in a way that deprives people of their constitutional protections and the state is unwilling or unable to protect that right; (2) obstructs the execution of federal laws or impedes the course of justice under federal law. The last time the Insurrection Act was used against the wishes of a state was in Alabama in March 1965. Alabama’s avowedly racist governor, George Wallace, initially told President Lyndon B. Johnson he would deploy state troopers to protect civil rights marchers, but then went on television to say he would not. Johnson responded by invoking the Act to deploy the Alabama National Guard. So, given the vague language of the Insurrection Act, why don’t presidents just use it left and right? There are actually many reasons. For one thing, it doesn’t allow military personnel to do anything that local or state law enforcement cannot already legally do. It’s not a way to smuggle in martial law. Instead, it’s designed to support state law enforcement efforts or to provide law enforcement a state could legally provide but has refused to do so. Whatever fantasy Trump or Pete Hegseth or Kristi Noem or Tom Homan has about putting blue cities under occupation is just that — a fantasy. Presidents also don’t generally use the Insurrection Act because in our federalist system, police power rests with the states. Here’s wild-eyed liberal Chief Justice William Rehnquist back in 2000: “We can think of no better example of the police power, which the Founders denied the National Government and reposed in the States, than the suppression of violent crime and vindication of its victims.” State and local law enforcement officials are also much better at determining what resources are necessary and where. Currently, Trump’s illegal order has diverted 4,000 California National Guard members, out of only 12,212 currently available to deploy. The complaint filed by California says that 4,000 includes a large number of members with specialized training in fire mitigation and suppression. 2,500 guard members helped with firefighting efforts in the devastating Los Angeles County fires earlier this year, but now, at the peak of wildfire season, fully one-third of the Guard is unavailable. It’s also harder for local law enforcement to coordinate with federal troops than it is to work with other regular law enforcement partners. The administration didn’t even bother to formally inform the LAPD that Marines were being deployed. The chief of police issued a statement saying that the arrival of military forces “presents a significant logistical and operational challenge for those of us charged with safeguarding this city.” He went on to explain that the LAPD and its usual local partners have decades of experience managing these sorts of demonstrations. Now, the LAPD gets to expend resources coordinating with Marines who are not legally allowed to be there and have no particular expertise that makes them useful here. Marines and other military personnel lack relevant expertise because they are trained only modestly, if at all, in law enforcement. Civilian law enforcement officers are trained from the start, however imperfectly, to uphold constitutional civil rights such as the right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure and the right to due process. Troops are primarily trained to fight armed enemies to whom they owe no constitutional protections. And even if those troops don’t overstep in any way, their presence may still make people feel like they can’t exercise their fundamental rights. Disliking military intrusion is also somewhat central to the American psyche. The country was founded in part in reaction to the heavy hand the British military used in the colonies. Some of the Bill of Rights reflects this concern, creating protections from just the sorts of things British soldiers did routinely, like taking over private homes and searching residences without a warrant. Presidents other than Trump have grasped these complexities, or at least listened to other people who did. But the problem, as with so many other things in the Trump era, is that he’s flouting norms, not just laws. If Trump chooses to read the Insurrection Act absurdly broadly, it’s not clear there is an easy way to stop him, particularly given that the conservative majority on the Supreme Court seems eager to let him expand his power. California’s lawsuit over the section 12406 federalization of its National Guard should be a slam dunk. It’s not even a close question, and the administration has offered no justification for its interpretation. Even if they had gone about things properly, deploying the Marines is illegal, full stop, unless Trump invokes the Insurrection Act. Yesterday, California asked a federal judge to issue a temporary restraining order barring the deployment of active-duty troops and the illegal federalization of the state National Guard. The judge declined, instead granting the administration’s request for 24 hours to respond to California’s motion and set a hearing for Thursday. In other circumstances, this wouldn’t be such a frustrating result. Yes, both sides should generally have adequate time to litigate cases, but only one of those sides has illegally sent the military to occupy a major city. Proceeding as if the administration can’t heavily damage Los Angeles in the next 48 hours is absurd given its record flouting court orders. It’s hard not to assume that the administration’s flagrant overreach is deliberate, especially given the vague language of the Insurrection Act and Trump’s past eagerness to use it. After all, it’s not as if this administration typically behaves cautiously or incrementally. California is now having to increase its state-level law enforcement presence because Trump’s illegal federalization of the National Guard became the focus of newer, larger protests. Or, as the official state announcement put it: “The state is working with local partners to surge 800+ additional state and local law enforcement officers into Los Angeles to clean up President Trump’s mess.” Deliberately flouting the law and flooding the city with unwanted and unnecessary troops was always going to increase the intensity of the protests which, in turn, allows the administration to keep ratcheting up the number of troops. Giving the lie to “we’re going after hardened criminals”The Los Angeles protests kicked off in earnest after ICE targeted day laborers at Home Depot and workers at a garment factory. ICE isn’t going after hardened criminals, but rather after soft targets. It’s the only way they can hit the 3,000 arrests per day that Stephen Miller wants. The fact that Los Angelenos view immigrants as their community rather than an invading horde seems genuinely difficult for Trump — and Miller — to understand. So, they’ve framed the protests as a terrifying and violent rebellion led by foreigners threatening the city when really it looks more like street vendors and community groups distributing food. The only people Los Angeles is under attack from is the administration. Trump, better than anyone, knows what an insurrection on American soil really is, and it looks like January 6. A group of his supporters engaged in a concerted, planned effort to block the duly-elected president from taking office. They were heavily armed. They chose to attack the seat of the federal government, breaking in to do so. They threatened elected officials and stopped official proceedings. They attacked police officers. They carried Confederate flags, a literal symbol of treason. They came from outside of Washington DC to terrorize the city. And of course, in the end, they were all pardoned for their crimes, even those who attacked law enforcement officers. More than anything, that’s what makes this whole thing feel like such a farce. That’s it for todayWe’ll be back with more tomorrow. If you appreciate today’s newsletter, please support our work by signing up. Paid subscribers make Public Notice possible. |
UNDER CONSTRUCTION - MOVED TO MIDDLEBORO REVIEW AND SO ON https://middlebororeviewandsoon.blogspot.com/
Wednesday, June 11, 2025
Trump's ludicrously sloppy legal rationale for occupying LA
Monday, February 10, 2025
The Week Ahead TRUMP'S ILLEGAL ACTS EXPLAINED!
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The Week Ahead
February 9, 2025
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Virginia Senator Tim Kaine who delivered the weekly Democratic address, made several key points about what lies ahead:
“The so-called ‘Department of Government Efficiency,’” or DOGE, led by Musk and his cronies, is working its way through the federal government like malware.”
“A big part of Trump's agenda here is to try to terrorize federal workers, the people who’ve dedicated their careers to important work and serving their fellow Americans.”
“The first three weeks of the Trump Musk Administration have been chaotic, but Senate Democrats stand united, ready to link arms with you, and to fight back in every way we can.”
Let’s hope that they are ready, because this week, it may literally come down to linking arms and fighting back.
On November 19, after the election, I included the following in this newsletter. It’s worth remembering as we head into the coming week:
Steve Bannon, hosting his War Room podcast on November 15 said: “Donald Trump and his revolution is in charge now. And that revolution is going to make its way from Mar-a-Lago and from every part of the country, like Andrew Jackson, it's going to converge on the imperial capitol in late January. And yes, we're going to burn some of these institutions down to the ground. Because you know why? They need to be burned down to the ground. Metaphorically. As the process of creative destruction. The process of the structure of revolutions, the paradigm shift has impact.”
The burning has started. The question is, where will it stop? Will they go as far as Vice President JD Vance has suggested they might? Vance retweeted Harvard Law Professor Adrian Vermeule, who referred to decisions made by judges—the co-equal third branch of government that is designed to make decisions about what constitutes “legitimate acts of state”—as “judicial interference.” Vemeule seems to be suggesting that “internal functioning” of the executive branch, i.e., Trump shutting down USAID and now the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) or impounding congressonally authorized expenditures, is not subject to judicial review. Vermuele was commenting on Harvard-Law-educated Senator Tom Cotton’s tweet of outrage over a judge issuing, of all things, a limited temporary restraining order (TRO) to lock the status quo in place for a few days so the parties could argue the issues to a judge next week. There are standards for issuing a TRO, the party who seeks one has to show they’ll be irreparably injured if they don’t get it and the plaintiffs established that here.
Before we move onto the substantive issue, it’s worth noting the incredible hypocrisy here. Trump can delay the criminal justice system for years, but apparently a few days of delay to maintain the status quo while the court sorts things enough is now enough for Cotton and friends to suggest blowing up the judiciary instead of letting it fulfill its role in maintaining the balance among our three branches of government. Vice President, and Yale educated lawyer, JD Vance chimed in, retweeting the comments.
This is not a close call. Centuries of precedent establish the role of the courts in checking overreach by the executive branch, like Youngstown Sheet & Tubing Company v. Sawyer. It was during the Korean War, in April of 1952, when President Truman issued an executive order directing Secretary of Commerce Charles Sawyer to take over the nation's steel mills in order to avoid the negative impact of an expected strike by the United Steelworkers of America. The Supreme Court ruled 6-3 against Truman, holding that a president lacks that authority, clarifying that “the President's power to see that the laws are faithfully executed refutes the idea that he is to be a lawmaker.”
The idea that the courts can’t step in and hear cases like this is ridiculous. So, what are Vance and Cotton outraged about? Apparently, it’s the fact that the courts have decided it’s worth learning the truth about DOGE before passing on its legitimacy. Although the claim is that DOGE is about cutting out waste and fraud in government and modernizing outmoded computer systems—all worthy goals in principle—in reality, it appears to be about something entirely different. In practice, DOGE’s purposes appear to range from shutting down government agencies that interfere with certain business interests to harvesting personal information of millions of Americans to taking control of government payment systems.
This week we will see continued developments in the courts with cases challenging DOGE and the administration. On Friday, a federal judge in Manhattan, Jeanette Vargas, will hold a hearing on whether to issue a preliminary injunction in the case New York Attorney General Letitia James, joined by 18 of her Democratic attorney general colleagues, filed to get DOGE out of the Treasury Department’s systems. The AG plaintiffs argue that DOGE’s access to the Treasury’s Bureau of Fiscal Services violates the Administrative Procedure Act (APA).
There is already a temporary injunction (a TRO) in place that is supposed to keep DOGE from acting and force them to destroy copies of information they’ve already collected, but that is an emergency device used to permit a court to take a brief period of time to receive briefs from the parties and hold an evidentiary hearing if necessary to determine whether the status quo should be maintained—in other words, whether DOGE’s activities need to be stopped—while a lawsuit proceeds to a decision by the courts, which can take some time. Expect whichever party loses to appeal; this is the posture in which we sometimes see the Supreme Court decide emergency appeals off of its shadow docket, although frequently without an opinion explaining the decision, which may give us an early sense of how the Court is leaning. (An example of this occurred when Texas’ vigilante justice anti-abortion law came to the Court on a motion asking for a preliminary injunction while the litigation over the law moved forward, and the Court declined to grant one, foreshadowing its subsequent reversal of Roe v. Wade in the Dobbs decision.) The Court doesn’t have to hear appeals like this, but at least so far, they’ve tended to hear Trump-related appeals.
The biggest concern right now is how the Trump administration will respond to court orders that go against them. Will they thumb their nose, as there is already some suggestion they’re doing in the impoundment case, where despite a court order that paused Trump’s spending freeze, there are reports that much of those funds remained unavailable? Will this administration, as JD Vance’s retweet suggests it could, decide that only its own decisions, not those of the courts, are legitimate, and keep on acting as it pleases? And how do you put the toothpaste back in the tube given the access DOGE had before the courts entered their orders?
If Trump pushes the country over the edge into a full blown Constitutional choices, there are two places to look for action, unless Congress suddenly grows a backbone:
The courts, which have limited enforcement mechanisms in a direct standoff, since federal law enforcement—the prosecutors who would prosecute a contempt or agencies like the FBI and the U.S. Marshal’s service that could be called upon to intervene—are all under the control of the Justice Department and ultimately the president, who heads the executive branch. Even Richard Nixon complied with adverse court orders, turning over the White House tapes when ordered to. Now we will see just how far Trump is willing to go and whether anyone in his own administration will try to function, if not as a guardrail, then at least in protest by resigning to focus public attention.
The public. It may come down, as Senator Kaine says, to locking arms in protest. Some people are concerned that Trump might use protests to invoke the Insurrection Act and further lock down the country. But Americans still have First Amendment rights. If the president and his administration openly abandon the rule of law, Americans can either protest in the only manner left to them or concede the point.
What happens if we hit that stage? Everyone, from the Attorney General to the White House Counsel and others, should write a “resign” email if Trump refuses to obey a lawful court order. The legal route for the government when it loses a case is to appeal the decisions they disagree with, not disobey it. But much of the current litigation against the Trump administration, more than 40 cases in its first three weeks, are happening because Trump ignored the law in the first place, like he did by unlawfully firing Inspectors General even though he could have done it legally by giving 30 days notice, there’s no reason to believe he’ll suddenly do an about face. He has tried to override the Constitution by ending birthright citizenship and 120 years of jurisprudence interpreting it, which is beyond his power without a constitutional amendment. And he has taken over Congress’ control of the purse strings to halt funding. It seems unduly optimistic to hope for restraint if courts begin to impose preliminary injunctions that prevent DOGE from proceeding for at least as long as it takes to appeal the order and possibly for the entire time the litigation proceeds.
President Lincoln drew criticism for suspending habeas corpus during the Civil War. Great Americans have often expressed the sentiment that the Constitution is not a suicide pact. It’s not meant to kill democracy. But the current occupant of the the White House and his minions want to twist it into an unrecognizable form that lets them do just that. The Constitution is designed to prevent a president from becoming a dictator, a tyrant who rules based on his own whims instead of the principles that guided the Founding Fathers. It’s sadly ironic that conservatives who claimed for decades to be “strict constructionists” or “textualists” when it came to the Constitution are now willing to depart from it in service to Trump, especially the lawyers who are willfully denying the role they know is assigned to the judiciary in checking presidential overreach.
Power—and keeping it—is apparently trumping principle in the executive branch and in Congress. It’s up to the courts and the people now. Don’t buy into the myth that we don’t have power together. We’re beginning to see opposition to Trump take shape, and if it is persistent enough, it can check when he’s trying to do. We saw that happen in the courts last week. Don’t obey in advance, and don’t let anyone convince you your voice doesn’t matter. That’s how dictators come to power.
We’re in this together,
Joyce
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