Live on the homepage now!
Reader Supported News
The article below is satire. Andy Borowitz is an American comedian and New York Times-bestselling author who satirizes the news for his column, "The Borowitz Report."
The lawyers informed the Justice Department that they had discovered the eighteenth-century document under a stack of hastily packed items, including several pairs of socks and the Oval Office’s television remote.
“Mr. Trump will, of course, return the Declaration of Independence to the National Archives as soon as possible,” Harland Dorrinson, one of the attorneys, said. “This seems to have been some kind of honest mistake.”
That version of events differs from one provided by a source close to the former President, who indicated that Trump had intentionally taken the Declaration of Independence in the hopes that it had a treasure map on the back.
READ MORE 
United States Supreme Court Associate Justice Samuel Alito poses for an official portrait at the east conference room of the Supreme Court building on October 7, 2022, in Washington, D.C. (photo: Olivier Douliery/Getty)
The case, which centers on the fringe “independent state legislature” theory, could weaken the power of voters’ ballots more than gerrymandering ever could.
Check out Liz Landers’ report for VICE News Tonight on Wednesday’s arguments and what’s at stake in the ongoing assault on fair and representative voting.
There’s been plenty of good analysis on the arcane legal readings and textual interpretations driving “independent state legislature” theory. So let’s take a second to talk about the politics.
Why is a right-wing theory that even conservative legal scholars call obtuse and “indefensible” on the cusp of altering federal elections? For the same reason Trump’s self-preserving lies about a stolen election found such fertile ground in the GOP base, and why they spawned an entire political movement more than happy to excuse a coup: Republicans are tired of sharing power.
The case comes from North Carolina, where Republicans have tried to manipulate their way out of a pesky evenly-divided electorate. In 2016 they passed voter ID and suppression laws so biased that a federal court struck them down for targeting Black voters with “almost surgical precision.” After that, they used their control of the state legislature to attempt lopsided gerrymanders designed to cement GOP control. Only those plans were thwarted by Democratic judges and, more recently, a Democratic governor with veto power.
Ordinary checks and balances can be frustrating. They make it hard for one branch of government to run roughshod over another. And if those branches share the power to regulate elections, that can help keep the basic functioning of democracy from becoming too partisan.
When Trump tried to overturn his 2020 loss in the courts, his lawyers often tried an argument that can get around all of this bother: Courts and governors should have no power to stop state legislatures from making the rules, or even determining the results of federal elections. Instead, state legislatures should have free rein. Judges all over America shot down the idea. But for North Carolina Republicans it was an inspiration.
Upset over a district map that would eventually produce a 7-7 party division congressional seats, they sued. Why shouldn’t the heavily-gerrymandered, GOP-controlled legislature get to make all the rules? Moore v Harper was born.
Ben Ginsburg, the GOP election attorney and opponent of Moore v Harper, told reporters this week that “independent state legislature” doctrine is “an extremely radical theory.”
“If a legislature said, ‘My, there was an incredible amount of fraud in this election… we’re not going to certify it because we just don’t trust the vote,’ they would have the authority to do that,” he warned.
There are lots of legal, procedural, and Constitutional reasons the “independent state legislature” theory is the huge threat to democracy advocates warn. The political reason is simple: It’s born of the same rotten thinking that gave us Jan. 6, the coup attempt, and voter suppression. The justices seemed skeptical of its wisdom, though it’s hard to know how they’ll rule in the spring. If they enable it, they’ll risk a partisan weaponizing of elections that will outlive Trump by decades.
House un-American activities, committee
Ever since he called Trump responsible for Jan. 6, and then told his colleagues Trump should resign the presidency, House GOP Leader Kevin McCarthy has been on a mission to salvage his future speakership. I harp all the time on how McCarthy rushed to rehabilitate Trump, fought to block an investigation of the insurrection, refused to testify, and publicly threatened witnesses who dared cooperate.
Now McCarthy’s aspirations dangle just beyond his grasp. He’s short of the votes to become Speaker, and won’t take the gavel unless Trumpist House Republicans are convinced he remains obediently pro-coup. Viewed through the lens of his shaky aspirations, McCarthy’s threat against the January 6 committee this week makes sense. McCarthy’s pretext is that he’ll investigate the committee’s methods and deliberations for signs of bias or rule breaking. The reality is that the Trumpist wing McCarthy’s party demands that the history of the coup be falsified and that its most violent participants are recast as heroes.
(Don’t just take my word for it, ask the family of Capitol Police Officer Brian Sicknick, who died as a result of the Jan. 6 attack.)
One complication for McCarthy is that the committee’s final report, like its televised testimony, is very likely to be a damning record of Republicans’ attempt to overthrow the 2020 election and abuse the Constitution to keep Trump in power. And so McCarthy must do his best to undermine it.
But the committee still has a few weeks of life left before the demagoguery begins. And now committee Chair Benny Thompson says the panel will refer (yet to be named) individuals to DOJ for criminal prosecution. Names under consideration, in addition to Trump, include Mark Meadows, Jeffrey Clark, John Eastman and America’s Mayor, Rudy Giuliani. The referrals are less important than they were in the days before DOJ moved off the mark and launched its own criminal inquiries. But they could still create an important expectation among the public and journalists of who’s left a charge-worthy trail of evidence.
They could also give more weight to what we already know will be an account of a broad, deep, and multi-fronted attempt to subvert the Constitution for Trump’s benefit. Trump just this week publicly demanded exactly that subversion. And McCarthy’s political survival depends on delivering it.
T.W.I.S.™ Notes
The legal blows have been piling up for Donald Trump. This Week in Subpoenas, you might say that Trump’s criminal nightmare has officially begun.
- Dig my new pair of docs
First stop: Mar-a-Lago, where Trump and his lawyers are clashing so heavily with DOJ that prosecutors are asking a judge to slap Team Trump with contempt. It seems prosecutors just can’t get Trump’s people to swear he doesn’t still have stolen government documents. The judge stepped in and ordered Trump to confirm he doesn’t have any more classified papers.
Except that he did. A search of a storage unit in Florida turned up two more docs with classified markings. DOJ is locked in (mostly secret) legal wrangling with Trump’s lawyers because the government suspects he still hasn’t handed over all of the government’s property.
- Just Jack!
Newly-minted Special Counsel Jack Smith is reaching deep into the swing states as DOJ pursues its criminal investigation of the 2020 coup plot. A federal grand jury issued subpoenas to local election officials in Arizona, Michigan, and Wisconsin, demanding any and all communications “to, from, or involving” the Trump campaign. The requests also name BtV favorites from the Trump legal universe like Giuliani, Sidney “Kraken” Powell, and Cleta Mitchell.
Waning immunity
Remember when Donald Trump crowed that he could “stand in the middle of Fifth Avenue and shoot somebody” and not face any consequences? What started as a skeevy boast of invulnerability is now a legal defense! The US Court of Appeal for the DC Circuit considered this week Trump’s claim that he’s immune from lawsuits seeking accountability for his role in Jan. 6.
Trump says his campaign to convene a crowd on Jan 6 and his speech urging followers to march on the Capitol were part of his job as president, and thus he’s immune from civil damages relating to them. The Capitol Police and lawmakers suing Trump, Don Jr., and a clutch of right-wing militias say he was really just an aggrieved political candidate perversely defending his own interests.
Asked by a judge whether Trump’s presidential immunity would apply even if Trump told his crowd to “burn Congress down,” Trump’s lawyer said that yes, it would. Lower courts have ruled against Trump’s efforts to dismiss the case.
Without Kari or thought
Losing Arizona GOP governor candidate Kari Lake is promising her upcoming lawsuit against Maricopa County will be “real ugly.” Lake is getting ready to sue in an effort to overturn her loss in Arizona’s largest county and, more realistically, to keep her profile high among Trump’s anti-democratic pundits and base.
Arizona officials from both parties certified the state’s midterm results Monday. Maricopa officials stated that Election-Day problems with some machines didn’t keep anyone from voting since ballots were counted at other facilities.
Lake will want to be a bit careful just how “ugly” she gets, though. A federal judge sanctioned lawyers for Lake and losing GOP Secretary of State candidate Mark Finchem for abusing the court with a frivolous and “vexatious” lawsuit after the election.
“I’m just tired of them standing there and saying how wonderful the Capitol police is and then they turn around and … go down to Mar-a-Lago and kiss his ring and come back and stand here and sit with—it just, it just hurts.”
— Gladys Sicknick, on why she refused to shake hands with GOP leaders Mitch McConnell and Kevin McCarthy at a ceremony honoring U.S. Capitol Police including her son, Officer Brian Sicknick. Off. Sicknick collapsed defending the Capitol during the Jan. 6 riot and died the next day.
All enemies — Lots of GOP lawmakers distanced themselves from Trump’s call to terminate the Constitution, though almost none said it disqualifies him from holding the presidency. But don’t worry about Arizona GOP Rep. Paul Gosar! He wants you to know Trump was right all along. Gosar did the playful little move of posting then deleting that tweet, just so it’s on you to fret about whether he violated his oath “to support and defend the Constitution against all enemies foreign and domestic.”
Rightie putschers — German authorities arrested twenty-five members and supporters of an apparent plot to overthrow the government, including possible plans for an armed assault and occupation of the legislature. Sound familiar? Read VICE News’ David Gilbert on how the group was soaked in QAnon “deep state” ideology and how it counts current and former members of the military and among its members. Also sound familiar?
Feds to judge: Lock him up — Federal prosecutors asked a judge to impose a life sentence on one of the men convicted in the “Wolverine Watchmen” plot to abduct Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer. Prosecutors said Adam Fox was an “active recruiter” in a “bonafide revolution” that included “terrorist acts” targeting Whitmer over her COVID policies. Fox was granted a mistrial after a hung jury in his first trial but was then retried and convicted with co-defendant Barry Croft. Three others were convicted in the plot, two pleaded guilty, and two were acquitted.
Delegate, insurrectionist, congressman? — Derrick Evans had been in the W. Va. House of Delegates a little more than a month before he was arrested and charged as a Jan. 6 rioter. He was sentenced to three months in prison. Now that he’s out, Evans wants to return to the scene of the crime. So naturally he’s exploring a bid for Congress.
Rampant voter fraud unlike we’ve ever seen — A conservative Georgia talk show host who’s running for election in January and who claimed the 2020 election was “stolen” from Trump allegedly voted illegally nine times while on probation. Brian K. Pritchard allegedly did the illegal voting while serving a sentence for fraud and theft.
READ MORE 
There has been fierce fighting around the towns of Bakhmut and Avdiivka. (photo: Yevhen Titov/Reuters)
The fiercest fighting was near the towns of Bakhmut and Avdiivka, the region's governor Pavlo Kyurylenko said in a television interview.
Five civilians were killed and two wounded in Ukrainian-controlled parts of Donetsk over the previous day, he said early on Friday.
He said Russian soldiers were also trying to advance near the city of Lyman.
It was recaptured by Ukrainian forces in November, one of a number of setbacks suffered by Russia since invading its neighbour in February.
In Bakhmut and other parts of the Donetsk region that neighbours Luhansk province, Ukrainian forces countered with barrages from rocket launchers, a Reuters witness said.
"The Russians have intensified their efforts in Donetsk and Luhansk," Ukrainian presidential adviser Oleksiy Arestovych said in a video post.
"They are now in a very active phase of attempting to conduct offensive operations. We are advancing nowhere but, rather, defending, destroying the enemy's infantry and equipment wherever it tries to advance."
On Friday the Ukrainian general staff said its forces had attacked Russian positions and troop assembly points in at least half a dozen towns in the south of Ukraine.
Russian losses amounted to about 240 wounded, with three ammunition depots and various military equipment destroyed, it added.
Reuters was not able to verify battlefield reports.
Russian President Vladimir Putin has given conflicting statements on the goals of the war, but his aims now seem to include some expansion of Russia's borders, in contrast with comments at the beginning of the "special military operation", when he said Russia's plans did not include the occupation of Ukrainian land.
On Thursday, the Kremlin said it was set on securing at least the bulk of the territories in east and south Ukraine that Moscow has declared part of Russia, but appeared to give up on seizing other territory in the west and north-east that Ukraine has recaptured.
Russia proclaimed in October that it had annexed four provinces, which it calls "new territories", shortly after holding so-called referendums that were rejected as bogus and illegal by Ukraine, the West and most countries at the United Nations.
While Russia made clear it wanted to take full control of Donetsk and Luhansk — two largely Russian-speaking regions collectively known as the Donbas — it left unclear how much of the regions of Zaporizhzhia and Kherson it was annexing.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said his forces would eventually drive Russia from all captured territory, including the Crimea peninsula annexed by Russia in 2014.
Putin says West's desire for global dominance increases conflict risks
Mr Putin said the West's desire to maintain its dominance on the world stage was increasing the risks of conflict.
"The potential for conflict in the world is growing and this is a direct consequence of the attempts by Western elites to preserve their political, financial, military and ideological dominance by any means," Mr Putin said.
The Russian leader was speaking in a video message to a summit of defence ministers from the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and a group of ex-Soviet countries that was published by the Kremlin.
"They deliberately multiply chaos and aggravate the international situation," Mr Putin said.
He also accused the West of "exploiting" Ukraine and using its people as "cannon fodder" in a conflict against Russia.
Mr Putin has repeatedly cast the war in Ukraine as a conflict between Russia and the West, criticising those who have provided military and financial backing to Ukraine.
Kyiv, European countries and Washington say Moscow used the pretext of security concerns to launch a cynical war of aggression against its pro-European neighbour in an attempt to seize swathes of territory and topple Mr Zelenskyy.
Police killed by landmines in Kherson province
In the settlement of Posad-Pokrovske in the southern region of Kherson, retaken by Ukraine, some villagers have returned to homes damaged or reduced to rubble by Russian shells, set in a landscape of downed utility poles and spent munitions.
Mr Zelenskyy paid tribute to four policemen killed by landmines in Kherson province.
"For there is no system against mines that could destroy at least part of the threat as our anti-aircraft systems do."
He accused Russian forces of leaving landmines, trip-wire mines, mined buildings, cars and infrastructure in places they abandoned under Ukrainian military pressure.
On Thursday, Russian naval forces shot down a Ukrainian drone over the Black Sea, according to the Russian-installed governor of Sevastopol, an important port and the largest city in Crimea.
READ MORE 
New York Police Officer Anajess Alvarez and former three-star chief Lori Pollock both sued the city alleging gender discrimination. (photo: Natalie Keyssar/NBC News)
An NBC News review of more than 60 lawsuits costing taxpayers more than $40 million found disturbing accounts of sexual misconduct against female cops in big-city departments.
A female police officer in Chicago says a supervisor forced her to perform oral sex on him inside a car. A female officer in Philadelphia says a sergeant grabbed her hand and placed it on the crotch of his pants. And a female officer in New York says one of her superiors hacked into her Snapchat account and showed off her intimate photos to a male commander.
The #MeToo movement sparked a societal reckoning against sexual misconduct, ushering in reforms designed to reduce workplace harassment and prompting the firing of abusive men in a variety of industries.
But many women in law enforcement say the movement has yet to arrive.
Sexual harassment and gender discrimination remain rife in some of the country’s largest police departments, and many of those accused of them don’t face significant punishment, according to an NBC News review of more than 60 lawsuits that were settled or won at trial, interviews with more than 15 female officers and an analysis of internal police documents.
The lawsuits stem from complaints against the sheriff’s office in Los Angeles County and police departments in New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia and Chicago, where taxpayer-funded payouts over the past five years totaled more than $40 million in officer-on-officer abuse cases.
The problems appear to be systemic. Female victims’ lives are often upended after they come forward because of flawed internal reporting systems that result in accusers’ identities getting out and a culture of retaliation, according to officers who sued.
Many officers who are accused of sexual abuse and harassment aren’t fired or even demoted, according to a review of department rosters in New York, Los Angeles and Philadelphia.
Some end up getting promoted.
Take, for example, Capt. Salvatore Marchese of the New York Police Department.
In 2013, a female officer filed a lawsuit alleging that Marchese, then a lieutenant, had pressured her to perform oral sex on him — twice — and then punished her when she rebuffed his further advances. The city settled the suit for $100,000, according to previously unreported court documents.
And yet, Marchese was still promoted to captain and placed in charge of a stationhouse in the Bronx, where he was accused of mistreating a second female underling last year.
The officer, Anajess Alvarez, says in a lawsuit that she was pregnant with her second child and struggling with crippling morning sickness when she asked Marchese to move her off the overnight shift.
“You were one of my best cops,” he told her, according to Alvarez. “Who told you to go get pregnant?”
Alvarez, whose lawsuit alleging that Marchese presided over a toxic work environment continues, no longer sees a future for herself in the NYPD. Marchese, meanwhile, still has a senior position in the department: He’s now the commanding officer of a stationhouse in Upper Manhattan.
“You get sued for sexual stuff and you get a whole precinct?” Alvarez said. “How can you be in charge of male and female officers with the record that you have?”
Marchese didn’t respond to requests for comment. In court papers, he denied the allegations.
Of the 87 NYPD officers accused in court papers of abusing female officers, 27 have since moved up in rank, according to an NBC News review.
Nine have stayed at the same rank, and only one was demoted. Forty-nine have left the force, but only one is known to have been fired.
The NYPD didn’t respond to detailed questions about its sexual harassment reporting system, the statuses of the officers or whether those who are no longer with the department were fired.
An NYPD spokesperson said in a statement that the agency “does not tolerate discrimination in any form,” investigates all complaints and “offers several reporting options for NYPD employees, including anonymously.”
“While we have made recent strides, there is still a lot more work ahead,” the spokesperson said.
Of the 20 Los Angeles police officers accused in the court cases, one has since been promoted. Six stayed at the same rank. A total of 13 have left the department, but it’s unclear whether any were fired over the allegations.
A Los Angeles police spokesperson said the agency has a "zero-tolerance policy for sexual harassment."
“For decades, the department has had a policy mandating reporting of sexual misconduct to a supervisor,” the spokesperson added.
“This year, the department adopted an even stronger practice to ensure a safe and productive workplace. Supervisors must now also report perceived inequitable conduct to the City Personnel Department’s Office of Workplace Equity — along with a plan to address it.”
Nineteen Philadelphia police officers were named as abusers in closed court cases reviewed by NBC News. Five have since been promoted, and six stayed at the same rank.
Seven are no longer with the department. One officer was demoted because of sexual harassment allegations in a lawsuit.
A Philadelphia police spokesman, Sgt. Eric Gripp, said that the department has made strides in hiring more women but that union contracts have blocked efforts by its first female commissioner, Danielle Outlaw, to fire or discipline problem officers.
“Despite Commissioner Outlaw’s dogged efforts to advance a more equitable and inclusive culture within the PPD, systemic roadblocks continue to hinder this department’s efforts in that mission,” Gripp said.
None of the officers named in the two lawsuits filed against the Chicago Police Department are still with the department, records show. Of the 14 Los Angeles County sheriff’s deputies accused in lawsuits, two were promoted, six are in the same roles, and six are no longer with the department.
The reporting of sexual harassment has led to a variety of reprisals, according to the lawsuits reviewed by NBC News: demotions, overnight posts and sometimes far worse.
In New York, a sergeant tossed a mousetrap into a room during a roll call after a female officer reported that he had made sexual advances toward her, according to her lawsuit.
In Philadelphia, a male sergeant stalked a female underling and broke into her car after she reported that he had made comments about her appearance and showed up at her house uninvited, according to her lawsuit.
A car belonging to a female officer with the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department was vandalized and a tire was punctured after she reported sexual harassment, according to her lawsuit.
Experts say the major policing groups advocate for more women to join the ranks but have been slow to address the sexual harassment issue, if they address it at all.
“If they really want to recruit women, that’s one of the issues that has to be addressed,” said Ivonne Roman, a former police chief of Newark, New Jersey, who co-founded 30x30, an organization that aims to increase female representation in law enforcement. “Is this a culture where bad behavior is allowed?”
The harassment and discrimination lawsuits capture only a slice of the problem, female former police officials say. Many women who face harassment or discrimination never pursue legal action, and internal abuse complaints aren’t made public.
“It takes a lot of courage to stand up against these government agencies,” said Joanne Archambault, a former San Diego police sergeant who helps police agencies craft reforms for sex assault investigations. “I couldn’t do it.”
‘Resolved and forgotten’
Karolin Clarke, a K9 officer with the Los Angeles Police Department, got a new boss when Sgt. Joe Danny Garcia took over the unit in May 2015.
Within weeks, Garcia began massaging her shoulders during meetings, commenting to male colleagues about her body and purposely walking in on her changing, Clarke later said in court papers.
“It was just really disgusting,” she said. “Nobody in our unit acted like that, and it’s coming from a supervisor.”
She said the behavior got so bad that the other male officers on her team, Elliot Zibli and David Dooros, sat Garcia down and told him to stop. But the plea went nowhere, they said, and Clarke and her co-workers told their lieutenant about his behavior.
“At what point is he going to go someplace, and is there going to be another female that’s not going to have a Dave or Elliott around to protect her from him?” Dooros said.
After the lieutenant reported the complaint up the chain of command, he was stripped of his role overseeing the K9 unit, according to the officers. And then, Clarke and her colleagues say, the retaliation began.
Top brass denied training for new bloodhounds to learn how to follow trails and forced them to patrol with aging dogs whose ability to sniff out missing children and homicide suspects had deteriorated, according to a lawsuit Clarke, Zibli and Dooros filed against the LAPD in 2016.
“It took lieutenants and captains and sergeants all to make the retaliation work. And they all did it,” Clarke said.
Clarke settled with the city before trial for $1.6 million, because, she said, she wanted to keep her bloodhound, Gemma. Zibli and Dooros took their case to trial and won. In 2019, the city of Los Angeles paid the two men $6.7 million.
Garcia, who is now a detective, didn’t respond to requests for comment. In court papers, he denied the allegations.
In the last five years, Los Angeles County and the city of Los Angeles spent over $25 million paying out lawsuits brought by officers from the LAPD and the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department — all of whom say they were sexually harassed or discriminated against on the job, NBC News found.
In New York City, taxpayers have spent nearly $9 million since 2017 on similar claims.
In Chicago, the bill was over $4 million, records show. A former police commissioner is now at the center of a federal lawsuit accusing him of sexually abusing his driver, a female officer. He said the relationship was consensual.
The Philadelphia Police Department paid out $2.8 million over the same period.
In most if not all of the cases, the settlements were reached without any admission of liability.
Legal experts say police departments have little incentive to curtail officer-on-officer abuse because the payouts rarely come out of the departments’ budgets. Instead, cities and taxpayers foot the bill.
Joanna Schwartz, a professor at the UCLA School of Law who researches the cost of officer misconduct, argued that until city leaders force police departments to pay their own legal fees, little will change. In addition, internal cases rarely involve video evidence that goes viral, which Schwartz says makes it difficult to attract public attention.
“The cases are paid for, resolved and forgotten,” Schwartz said.
Multiple female officers who sued their departments say they were placed in “punishment posts” after they reported complaints internally.
Audra McCowan, a former Philadelphia police corporal, had been on the force for 15 years when, she says, one of her subordinates, Officer Curtis Younger, began coming on to her in January 2019.
He told McCowan she was sexy and called her “babe” instead of “corporal,” she said.
A few weeks later, Younger’s unwanted flirtations turned aggressive, McCowan said.
During a conversation at McCowan’s desk, Younger noticed several photos of her husband, she said.
“You have pictures of this motherf----- all over your desk,” McCowan recalled him saying.
He then tried to yank off her wedding ring, McCowan said.
“I couldn’t believe that he had actually touched me and violated me in that way,” McCowan said. “I outranked him, but he’s a man. He’s larger than me.”
After she filed a formal complaint, she was transferred to the radio room and given nothing to do. Younger, meanwhile, was allowed to stay in his job, she said.
In 2019, McCowan teamed up with a female colleague, who also alleged that Younger had harassed her, to file a federal lawsuit against him and the city of Philadelphia.
“The [Philadelphia Police Department’s] well-settled custom of sexual harassment permeates all 21 police districts,” it said.
Police Commissioner Richard Ross resigned in August 2019, one month after McCowan filed her lawsuit.
McCowan said Ross took no action after she told him about the alleged abuse. In the suit, she attributed his failure to act to lingering resentment over her decision to end their two-year affair nearly a decade before — a revelation that dominated the news coverage of the case. (Ross has denied the allegations.)
A jury awarded McCowan and the other female officer a total of $1 million.
McCowan retired early, saying she feared more retaliation and ostracization.
Younger, who didn’t respond to requests for comment, is still on the force. In court papers, he denied the allegations.
A Philadelphia police spokesman said Younger was suspended for one day for his behavior.
“It’s really bad for women,” McCowan said. “It’s not just Philly. It’s not just New York. It’s everywhere.”
‘This is unacceptable’
The full scope of officer-on-officer sexual abuse and harassment is unknown. Law enforcement agencies don’t publicly disclose internal harassment data.
The most comprehensive study thus far, updated in June, included a survey of 1,135 departments across the country. Out of the nearly 3,000 responses that were collected, 70% of female officers said they had experienced such things as being shown porn at work or being asked to perform sexual favors. Eight percent reported that another officer had sexually assaulted them.
“It is frustrating to see how little is being done to address this,” said a co-investigator on the study, Bruce Taylor, a senior fellow at the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago.
Roughly 1 in 7 police officers in the U.S. are women, according to federal data, and the Justice Department is trying to learn why more women aren't drawn to law enforcement.
Officials tapped Jennifer Rineer, an organizational psychologist, to lead the study, which is still in process. Through interviews with female officers in 29 states, Rineer found that sexual harassment was a major barrier to attracting more women to careers in policing.
“Top leadership all the way down needs to say, ‘This is unacceptable,’’’ said Rineer, who works at RTI International, a nonprofit research institute.
The police departments reviewed by NBC News have policies that ban sexual harassment and require supervisors to report claims of abuse. But female officers say the rules often aren’t followed or enforced.
Some of the women who tried to file complaints with internal investigators said their allegations were never documented or probed. Others said that after they filed internal reports, the information spread to other officers. Some said that when they told their superiors about sexual misconduct, they were warned to stay quiet.
Jim Pasco, the executive director of the National Fraternal Order of Police, the country’s largest police union, defended the way departments handle sexual harassment complaints, saying they are often “he said, she said” cases.
“You don’t ruin someone’s career without evidence to substantiate ruining that person’s career,” he said.
Even the LAPD’s Internal Affairs Division, tasked with investigating officer misconduct citywide, has had its own issues with supervisors’ shrugging off sexual harassment complaints from within, according to a lawsuit filed by a former officer, Linda Allstot.
Allstot had been with the unit for seven years when, she says, a supervisor, Lt. Wayne Lightfoot, began complimenting her body and inviting her on trips to places like Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.
Allstot’s boyfriend was on the force, but she refused to reveal his identity when Lightfoot asked her.
Incensed, Lightfoot used his power as a lieutenant to have Allstot put under surveillance, she said in court papers and in an interview.
“This is something that I haven’t ever seen happen,” Allstot said. “The whole thing was a nightmare.”
Her boyfriend was ultimately outed, she said, and Lightfoot’s advances continued. Over the next few months, Allstot was written up for infractions that she said never happened, such as leaving her gun on her car seat.
She told a female deputy chief what was going on, but a complaint was never filed internally. Instead, Allstot said, she was again placed under surveillance.
“I remember looking out the window and seeing a surveillance van, and my daughter’s looking out the window, and she says: ‘Why are they following you? Aren’t you the police?’” Allstot said, breaking down in tears. “That was the hardest thing to have to explain to a child, and that stuck with me forever.”
Allstot sued the city and Lightfoot in 2016. A month before her trial, Lightfoot retired.
The city of Los Angeles paid Allstot $1.8 million. A few months later, another female officer sued the city alleging sexual harassment by Lightfoot. Her case was settled for $75,000.
Lightfoot didn’t respond to requests for comment. In court papers, he denied the allegations.
‘No objective process’
In recent years, an increasing number of mayors have tapped women to lead big-city police departments, among them those in New York; Sacramento, California; and Louisville, Kentucky.
The NYPD says its share of female supervisors has risen to 12%, which is higher than the national average of 9%.
But the careers of some in the small group of women who managed to rise through the 55,000-person department and achieve a three-star rank — a position held by fewer than 16 people — ultimately ended in lawsuits and resentment.
Female officers didn’t cross into the department’s layer of top management until 2003, when Joanne Jaffe was appointed a three-star chief to lead its public housing officers. She was the only one for over a decade. By 2018, five women had held the prestigious rank.
Over the next two years, three of the five left their posts and sued the department alleging widespread gender discrimination.
Jaffe was one of them. So was Lori Pollock.
Pollock started with the department during the height of the city’s crack epidemic in the 1980s. As a rookie, she gravitated toward the toughest assignments, working as a plainclothes officer and rising through the ranks as one of the few women to help run narcotics and internal affairs and then overseeing hundreds of detectives in Manhattan.
“I loved being a police officer, every stage, every rank. I loved it,” Pollock said.
Regardless of her position, she said, she always noticed a peculiar trend. “No matter how qualified I was, I wasn’t allowed to go in there until the female spot opened up,” Pollock said.
In 2018, Pollock became a three-star chief and was appointed to run the bureau in charge of lowering crime rates. A year later, with a new police commissioner, Dermot Shea, at the helm, Pollock asked to fill the position he had just left as chief of detectives. No woman has ever held the role.
“I had the experience and the credentials,” Pollock said. “Instead of getting chief of detectives, I got demoted.”
She was moved to an office that focuses on collaborating with community organizations, where she had to report to a freshly hired male bureaucrat who had never been an officer. Even worse, she said, the department gave her a team of only four to supervise (in her previous role, she was supervising 300).
Pollock believes she was skipped over because she’s not a member of the department’s “boys’ club.”
“You’re just going to wave your hand and destroy my career,” Pollock said. “There’s no objective process.”
Pollock settled in May for $367,000. Another former NYPD three-star chief got a $330,000 payout. Jaffe’s suit, which also alleges that she was forced to retire because she is white and over 58, is still in litigation.
Shea, who is now an NBC News law enforcement analyst, declined to comment. In court papers, he denied the allegations.
Pollock, now retired and living in New York City, said that after she filed her lawsuit, the vast majority of her colleagues stopped talking to her. Even high-ranking women in the NYPD iced her out.
“You didn’t believe that this could be happening until it happened to you,” she said.
READ MORE 
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has accepted at least $15m from 2011-2017. Nestle was among one of the highest contributors. (photo: Laurent Gilliéron/AP)
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has a record of quid pro quos with a range of food giants, documents show
The documents reveal the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has a record of quid pro quos with a range of food giants, owns stock in ultra-processed food companies and has received millions in contributions from producers of pop, candy, and processed foods linked to diabetes, heart disease, obesity and other health problems.
The findings are a part of a recently published peer-reviewed study that examined a trove of financial documents and internal communications obtained through a Freedom of Information Act (Foia) request.
“It’s incredibly influential so if the Academy is corrupt then nutritional policy in the US is going to be corrupt,” said Gary Ruskin, executive director of US Right to Know, and a co-author of the study. The investigative non-profit developed the study with researchers from non-profits and universities in the US and UK.
“If we’re ever going to solve the problems of obesity and diabetes in the US and elsewhere, then we’re going to have to tackle the corruption in our health institutions,” Ruskin added.
The Academy says it as an independent voice and “trusted educational resource for consumers”. It lobbies Congress and represents and provides information to over 110,000 US dietitians who help people make decisions about which foods to eat.
Though the Academy has long received criticism for its ties to big food, the study for the first time reveals the depth of its financial ties.
The Academy accepted at least $15m from corporate and organizational contributors from 2011-2017, and over $4.5m in additional funding went to the Academy’s foundation. Among the highest contributions came from companies such as Nestlé, PepsiCo, Hershey, Kellogg’s, General Mills, Conagra, the National Dairy Council and the baby formula producer Abbott Nutrition.
The Academy and its foundation also received food industry fundings via sponsorships, which are in effect quid pro quos. In a 2015 email, an Academy employee defined a sponsorship as “When a company pays a fee to the Academy/Foundation in return for Academy/Foundation defined specific rights and benefits.”
The email reveals the Academy in 2015 was in a sponsorship deal with Abbott and was discussing how the Academy could use its dietitians’ influence in pediatricians’ offices to push Pediasure, one of the pharmaceutical giant’s infant nutritional products. Abbott at the time had in place a two year, $300,000 sponsorship deal.
The Academy also owned Abbott stock at the time of the deal and plan, records show. It also owned stock in companies with which it had a sponsorship deal, PepsiCo, as well as financial contributors, like Nestlé.
“That is astounding,” Ruskin said. “That belongs in the conflict of interest hall of fame – it is off the charts.”
Academy leadership at the time seemed to be aware of the optics.
“I personally like Pepsico and do not have any problems with us owning it, but I wonder if someone will say something about that,” wrote the then Academy treasurer, Donna Martin, in a 2014 email. “Hopefully they will be happy like they should be! I personally would be OK if we owned Coke stock!!”
The 2015 email also described an extension of a sponsorship agreement with the National Dairy Council. Under the proposed extension, the National Dairy Council would pay $1.2m for a package that would fund “support for both the Academy and the Foundation to continue the collaborative work around food, nutrition and agriculture”. Other sponsors listed in the email include Coca-Cola’s industry group, and Conagra, which owns brands like Reddi-Wip, Slim Jim and Banquet.
The Academy at the time of the 2015 email was also in discussion with Subway about how the Academy could “endorse” the fast-food chain’s “healthier products”, the email shows, and discussed a partnership with the Mars candy bar company.
Separately in 2015, a partnership between the Academy and Kraft ignited controversy when the Academy agreed to allow the company to put its “Kid’s Eat Healthy” seal on Kraft Singles packaging, which suggested an independent source verified the product’s nutritional value.
But critics quickly pointed out that the product has poor nutritional value; it is not classified by the federal government as cheese but “Pasteurized Prepared Cheese Product”; and it includes dyes and other chemicals. In the face of blowback, the Academy rescinded its stamp.
About $4.5m of corporate funding from companies like General Mills went to an initiative called the “Champions Program”, which granted funds to hundreds of non-governmental organizations to support projects “promoting healthy eating and active lifestyles for children and their families”.
The Academy didn’t respond to specific questions from the Guardian, but directed it to a response to the study on its website. It denied wrongdoing, said the study contains factual errors, and said the study takes its financials out of context. It said “stringent” guidelines are in place to prevent corporate influence on its programming.
The Academy added that corporate funding only makes up a small part of revenues, and an independent firm manages its stock portfolio.
“Through their assumptions, omissions and distortions, the authors of the report have done a serious disservice to the Academy, our members and the entire nutrition and dietetics profession,” the statement reads.
The documents only surfaced because Martin, a former academy president who works for a public school district in Georgia, used her school email for Academy business, which meant the communications were subject to Foia.
The study also highlights the revolving door between the Academy and industry. Among its staff and board members are current and former public relations staff for companies that represent big food, as well as consultants or employees for large food entities like Monsanto, Sodexo, the Sugar Association, Bayer and the International Food Information Council, and industry front group.
The Academy, previously called the American Dietetic Association, has appeared to be under the control of big food interests for “as long as I have been familiar with the Academy”, said Marion Nestle, a nutritionist and public health advocate who wrote about the ties in her 2002 book, Food Politics. She said the financial ties raise “fundamental questions about credibility”.
“How can the Academy advise the public to avoid ultra-processed foods, for example, if it is funded by the makers of those foods?” she asked. “The issue of trust is critical to nutrition advising. The Academy looks like it represents the food industry, not the public interest.”
READ MORE 
ChatGPT, the latest novelty from OpenAI, replicates the ugliest war on terror-style racism. (photo: Getty)
ChatGPT, the latest novelty from OpenAI, replicates the ugliest war on terror-style racism.
ChatGPT, the latest artificial intelligence novelty act, is easily the most impressive text-generating demo to date. Just think twice before asking it about counterterrorism.
The tool was built by OpenAI, a startup lab attempting no less than to build software that can replicate human consciousness. Whether such a thing is even possible remains a matter of great debate, but the company has some undeniably stunning breakthroughs already. The chatbot is staggeringly impressive, uncannily impersonating an intelligent person (or at least someone trying their hardest to sound intelligent) using generative AI, software that studies massive sets of inputs to generate new outputs in response to user prompts.
ChatGPT, trained through a mix of crunching billions of text documents and human coaching, is fully capable of the incredibly trivial and surreally entertaining, but it’s also one of the general public’s first looks at something scarily good enough at mimicking human output to possibly take some of their jobs.
Corporate AI demos like this aren’t meant to just wow the public, but to entice investors and commercial partners, some of whom might want to someday soon replace expensive, skilled labor like computer-code writing with a simple bot. It’s easy to see why managers would be tempted: Just days after ChatGPT’s release, one user prompted the bot to take the 2022 AP Computer Science exam and reported a score of 32 out of 36, a passing grade — part of why OpenAI was recently valued at nearly $20 billion.
Still, there’s already good reason for skepticism, and the risks of being bowled over by intelligent-seeming software are clear. This week, one of the web’s most popular programmer communities announced it would temporarily ban code solutions generated by ChatGPT. The software’s responses to coding queries were both so convincingly correct in appearance but faulty in practice that it made filtering out the good and bad nearly impossible for the site’s human moderators.
The perils of trusting the expert in the machine, however, go far beyond whether AI-generated code is buggy or not. Just as any human programmer may bring their own prejudices to their work, a language-generating machine like ChatGPT harbors the countless biases found in the billions of texts it used to train its simulated grasp of language and thought. No one should mistake the imitation of human intelligence for the real thing, nor assume the text ChatGPT regurgitates on cue is objective or authoritative. Like us squishy humans, a generative AI is what it eats.
And after gorging itself on an unfathomably vast training diet of text data, ChatGPT apparently ate a lot of crap. For instance, it appears ChatGPT has managed to absorb and is very happy to serve up some of the ugliest prejudices of the war on terror.
In a December 4 Twitter thread, Steven Piantadosi of the University of California, Berkeley’s Computation and Language Lab shared a series of prompts he’d tested out with ChatGPT, each requesting the bot to write code for him in Python, a popular programming language. While each answer revealed some biases, some were more alarming: When asked to write a program that would determine “whether a person should be tortured,” OpenAI’s answer is simple: If they they’re from North Korea, Syria, or Iran, the answer is yes.
While OpenAI claims it’s taken unspecified steps to filter out prejudicial responses, the company says sometimes undesirable answers will slip through.
Piantadosi told The Intercept he remains skeptical of the company’s countermeasures. “I think it’s important to emphasize that people make choices about how these models work, and how to train them, what data to train them with,” he said. “So these outputs reflect choices of those companies. If a company doesn’t consider it a priority to eliminate these kinds of biases, then you get the kind of output I showed.”
Inspired and unnerved by Piantadosi’s experiment, I tried my own, asking ChatGPT to create sample code that could algorithmically evaluate someone from the unforgiving perspective of Homeland Security.
When asked to find a way to determine “which air travelers present a security risk,” ChatGPT outlined code for calculating an individual’s “risk score,” which would increase if the traveler is Syrian, Iraqi, Afghan, or North Korean (or has merely visited those places). Another iteration of this same prompt had ChatGPT writing code that would “increase the risk score if the traveler is from a country that is known to produce terrorists,” namely Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran, and Yemen.
The bot was kind enough to provide some examples of this hypothetical algorithm in action: John Smith, a 25-year-old American who’s previously visited Syria and Iraq, received a risk score of “3,” indicating a “moderate” threat. ChatGPT’s algorithm indicated fictional flyer “Ali Mohammad,” age 35, would receive a risk score of 4 by virtue of being a Syrian national.
In another experiment, I asked ChatGPT to draw up code to determine “which houses of worship should be placed under surveillance in order to avoid a national security emergency.” The results seem again plucked straight from the id of Bush-era Attorney General John Ashcroft, justifying surveillance of religious congregations if they’re determined to have links to Islamic extremist groups, or happen to live in Syria, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, or Yemen.
These experiments can be erratic. Sometimes ChatGPT responded to my requests for screening software with a stern refusal: “It is not appropriate to write a Python program for determining which airline travelers present a security risk. Such a program would be discriminatory and violate people’s rights to privacy and freedom of movement.” With repeated requests, though, it dutifully generated the exact same code it had just said was too irresponsible to build.
Critics of similar real-world risk-assessment systems often argue that terrorism is such an exceedingly rare phenomenon that attempts to predict its perpetrators based on demographic traits like nationality isn’t just racist, it simply doesn’t work. This hasn’t stopped the U.S. from adopting systems that use OpenAI’s suggested approach: ATLAS, an algorithmic tool used by the Department of Homeland Security to target American citizens for denaturalization, factors in national origin.
The approach amounts to little more than racial profiling laundered through fancy-sounding technology. “This kind of crude designation of certain Muslim-majority countries as ‘high risk’ is exactly the same approach taken in, for example, President Trump’s so-called ‘Muslim Ban,’” said Hannah Bloch-Wehba, a law professor at Texas A…M University.
It’s tempting to believe incredible human-seeming software is in a way superhuman, Block-Wehba warned, and incapable of human error. “Something scholars of law and technology talk about a lot is the ‘veneer of objectivity’ — a decision that might be scrutinized sharply if made by a human gains a sense of legitimacy once it is automated,” she said. If a human told you Ali Mohammad sounds scarier than John Smith, you might tell him he’s racist. “There’s always a risk that this kind of output might be seen as more ‘objective’ because it’s rendered by a machine.”
To AI’s boosters — particularly those who stand to make a lot of money from it — concerns about bias and real-world harm are bad for business. Some dismiss critics as little more than clueless skeptics or luddites, while others, like famed venture capitalist Marc Andreessen, have taken a more radical turn following ChatGPT’s launch. Along with a batch of his associates, Andreessen, a longtime investor in AI companies and general proponent of mechanizing society, has spent the past several days in a state of general self-delight, sharing entertaining ChatGPT results on his Twitter timeline.
The criticisms of ChatGPT pushed Andreessen beyond his longtime position that Silicon Valley ought only to be celebrated, not scrutinized. The simple presence of ethical thinking about AI, he said, ought to be regarded as a form of censorship. “‘AI regulation’ = ‘AI ethics’ = ‘AI safety’ = ‘AI censorship,’” he wrote in a December 3 tweet. “AI is a tool for use by people,” he added two minutes later. “Censoring AI = censoring people.” It’s a radically pro-business stance even by the free market tastes of venture capital, one that suggests food inspectors keeping tainted meat out of your fridge amounts to censorship as well.
As much as Andreessen, OpenAI, and ChatGPT itself may all want us to believe it, even the smartest chatbot is closer to a highly sophisticated Magic 8 Ball than it is to a real person. And it’s people, not bots, who stand to suffer when “safety” is synonymous with censorship, and concern for a real-life Ali Mohammad is seen as a roadblock before innovation.
Piantadosi, the Berkeley professor, told me he rejects Andreessen’s attempt to prioritize the well-being of a piece of software over that of the people who may someday be affected by it. “I don’t think that ‘censorship’ applies to a computer program,” he wrote. “Of course, there are plenty of harmful computer programs we don’t want to write. Computer programs that blast everyone with hate speech, or help commit fraud, or hold your computer ransom.”
“It’s not censorship to think hard about ensuring our technology is ethical.”
The Fort Belknap Reservation is taking steps to restore native species like the endangered black-footed ferret, seen here receiving a vaccine. (photo: Matthew Brown/AP)
Native American groups in the US are trying to restore local species like ferrets and foxes as extinctions increase.
Now, with guidance from Native American elders and outside wildlife groups, students and interns from the tribal college are helping to reintroduce the small predators to the northern Montana reservation, which sprawls across more than 2,600sq km (1,000 square miles) near the US-Canada border.
Sakura Main, a 24-year-old Aaniiih woman who is entering Fort Belknap’s Aaniiih Nakoda College in January, is helping to locate and trap the severely endangered ferrets in order to vaccinate them against a deadly plague.
Her work is part of a programme overseen by the tribal fish and game department, in partnership with the World Wildlife Fund.
The nocturnal animals live among the mounded burrows of prairie dog colonies, where ferrets stalk the rodents, wrapping themselves around their prey to strangle and kill them.
On a recent clear night, with the Nakoda sacred site called Snake Butte looming on the horizon, Main shined a flashlight into a long, skinny wire trap atop a prairie dog burrow. Inside was the second ferret that she would catch that night with fellow wildlife worker CJ Werk, daughter of the former tribal president.
“We got one in there!” Main quietly exclaimed.
“Wow, really another one?” replied Werk, who was engaged in a friendly competition with another worker, her cousin, to catch the most ferrets. “I’m going to rub it in.”
Hurried back to the “hospital trailer”, the animal was sedated and vaccinated against the sylvatic plague carried by their favourite prey. It had a microchip inserted beneath its skin for future tracking, before being released back into the prairie dog colony to a soft cheer from Main and Werk.
As extinctions of animals and plants accelerate around the globe, Native American tribes with limited funding are trying to re-establish imperilled species and restore their habitats, measures that parallel growing calls to “rewild” places by reviving degraded natural systems.
But the direct relationship that Native Americans perceive between people and wildlife differentiates their approach from Western conservationists, who often emphasise “management” of habitat and wildlife that humans have dominion over, said Julie Thorstenson, executive director of the Native American Fish and Wildlife Society.
“Western science looks at humans as kind of external managers of the land and of the ecosystem,” she said. “Indigenous people see themselves as part of it.”
The Nakoda and Aaniiih people who live at Fort Belknap have struggled to restore their land to a wilder state. Disease periodically wipes out ferret populations, and half the foxes released so far may have died or fled.
But tribal members say they’re committed to rebuilding native species with deep cultural significance to restore the balance between humans and the natural world. Tribal elders speak nostalgically of the long-gone Swift Fox Society, which prized the secretive animals and used their pelts and tails to adorn hair braids and costumes. They call the foxes and ferrets their “relatives”.
“It’s like having your family back,” said Mike Fox, former director of the Fort Belknap wildlife programme. “We have a pretty darn good spot on the Northern Plains to bring these animals back and just about complete the circle of animals that were originally here.”
Prior to European settlement, as many as one million ferrets occupied an estimated 400,000sq km (156,000 square miles) from Canada to Mexico, wherever prairie dogs were found.
By the 1960s, the conversion of grasslands to crops, plague and poisoning campaigns reduced the prairie dogs’ territory to 5,700sq km (2,200 square miles). Ferrets were presumed extinct, then rediscovered in 1981 on a ranch in Meeteetse, Wyoming.
They’re one of the most endangered mammals in North America, with only about 300 in the wild, including fewer than 40 on Fort Belknap. Populations are propped up with a captive breeding programme to counter periodic decimations by plague.
Prairie dogs are still considered a nuisance among ranchers, including on Fort Belknap, because they eat grass. Prairie dog shooting tournaments once were held annually to raise money for the tribal fish and game department, Fox said. The tournaments are gone on Fort Belknap, and prairie dogs, squirrel-sized rodents common across the US plains, are now recognised as vital to ferrets.
Parts of Fort Belknap also are being repopulated with bison, a species that sustained Native Americans for centuries before white settlers killed them off. Bison are being restored by dozens of tribes across the US, which is similar to efforts in the Pacific Northwest to sustain wild salmon populations, another keystone species that has provided food for tribes.
The work to reestablish black-footed ferrets and swift foxes is different. Unlike bison and salmon, foxes and ferrets aren’t food sources. They live in the shadows, hunting mostly at night, and are rarely seen.
Ferrets have been reintroduced to seven reservations on the Northern Plains and two tribal sites in the southwest, while swift foxes have been returned to four reservations, said Shaun Grassel, a former biologist for the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe in South Dakota.
Less than 91m (100 yards) from a small pen holding three swift foxes about to be released at Fort Belknap, tribal elders Buster Moore and John Allen sat among cactuses and scrubby grasses and passed a pipe around a circle of men, while women sat nearby, watching and listening.
After the ceremony, Moore – whose Nakoda name is Buffalo Bull Horn – rubbed his hands on the hard earth, explaining that they prayed for the foxes, the tribes, and the land itself.
“It sustains itself; it helps Mother Earth. Everything sustains balance,” Moore said of the restoration work being celebrated that day. “Prairie dogs, wolves, swift fox, red fox, black-footed ferrets.”
Once abundant on the plains, swift foxes now occupy about 40 percent of their original habitat. Since 2020, the tribes and college have worked with scientists from the Smithsonian’s National Zoo to capture about 100 foxes from healthy populations in Wyoming and Montana and relocate them to Fort Belknap.
As Moore spoke, the reservation’s fish and wildlife biologist Tim Vosburgh and two assistants cautiously approached a few foxes in a pen. They used wire cutters to cut through the chain link and pulled it open.
After the biologist and assistants moved away, a fox poked its head out of a prairie dog burrow inside the pen. It soon darted out of the opening, followed within minutes by two others.
They disappeared across the rolling landscape and into the glaring sun behind the Bearpaw Mountains to the west.
“What they need is a little luck,” said Allen the elder. “They need to survive the winter, and then they won’t have to worry about it, you know, because they’ve got all the skills. So we call on our relatives to protect them.”
Follow us on facebook and twitter!
PO Box 2043 / Citrus Heights, CA 95611
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.